Bacteria

Bacteria are said to be resistant of their growth is not halted by the maximal level of an antibiotic that is tolerated by the Host.Some Organisms are naturally resistant to an antibiotic.For example,Gram-negative organisms are resistant to vancomycin.The following are some mechamism of drug resistance.

a>Microorganism may produce enzymes that destroys the active drug .For eg Staphylococcus sps that are destroys the Drugs.

b>MicroOrganism may change their permeability to the Drug

c>MicroOrganism develops an altered structures target site for the drugs.

d>MicroOrganismDevelopa an altered metabolic pathways that react inhibited by the drugs.So resistsnt bacteria does not require extracellular para benzoic acid but like mammalian cells.

Safty in MicroBiology Laboratory

Those Who work in microbiology Laboratory should take so many safty code in order to make body and health safe.

1>Never put pipett of speciment into the mouth.

2>Working surface should be decontaminated everyday.

3> All contaminated materials and the speciment and cultuer must be decontaminated before disposal.

4>Safety glasses ,face shields,mask as well as aprones should be weared properly.

5>If  accidently is sprayed on skin then we have to wash as soon as possible and we have to inform teacher or doctors.

6>We should never take food in the lab.

7>Hands should be washed properly when we go out from the practical.

8>Laboratory door and windows should be closed .I.e we have to open when it is needed.

9>All spills ,accidents and potential exposure to infectious material must be reported as soon as possible.

10>In laboratory trainner or teacher should be in class or in room for making safe .

Rabise virus

Hydrophobia.

The Rabise Virus are enveloped ,Bulleted shaped viruses of helical nucleocapsid.This virus can be transmitted in saliva.

The Rabise virus microorganism mainly infect all the warm Blooded animals like Dogs,Foxes, Cats,Bats.They are mainly the reservoirs.

When Human is bitten the virus starts to replicate from the wound area after few days.Then it gets migrated up to nerve axons and to central nervous systems and finally gets to system fatal.

The Rabis Virus mainly attacks to ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR on the cell surface.After entry into the cell,the virion RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA that code for viral proteins.outer surface of the virus is covered with thumblike glycoprotein projections 5-10 nm long and 3 nm in diameter.  The virus averages approximately is 780 nm in length .After replication of viral RNA by a virus encoded RNA polymerase,progeny RNA is assembled with virion proteins to form the nucleocapsid.And the envelop is acquired as the virion buds through the cell membrane.Due to rabies ,kills approximately 50,000 people every year.

If the person  is bitten we  received the HDCV shot and has an adequate rabies antibody titer, or persom should be given only an HDCV booster shot.  

Treatment and Prevention

1.Killing Rabies infected animals.

2.Giving antivenom  to all animals who are high chance of infection.

3. If there is bitten or virus has entered due to licked or touched the wound should be washed with sope and water  properly.

Prevention of Diseases

Prevension of diseases is main aim of all the people. Eventho we are infected due to lack of Knowledge,Proper treamant.We can be prevented in mainly in 3 ways.

1.Primary prevention= Its the way to removing a virus by taking vaccine.

2. Secondary prevantation=Its just a test or taking precaution just after seen symptoms.This is just a  way to be prevented from the Diseases.

3. Tertiary Prevantation =Its the process of stoping the attempting to stop  the spread of diseases that has already been present.Itsalso known as the Rehabilitation.

Way of Control of DISEASES

1.Use of anti blocksprey of aerosols where people are more. Like in college,Halls etc.

2.Use of Masks.

3. Reducing vector carring Insects.

4. Washing Hands frequently after and before taking foods.

5.Use of antiseptic if wound occurs.

6.Not making a contact with infected person if we have  to we have to be aware of and have way of preventing ways.

Polio Virus

This Polio belong to Picornavirus.Among the two genera of picornavirus,it belong to the Genera of Enterovirus its so because  it infect intestine and lymphoid(tonsils,peyers palehes)cells.

The Polio virus  causative agent of poliomyelitis.There are3 types of polio virus as type 1,2and 3.

They are mainly based on their Antigenic determines on the outer capsid proteins.

The types 1 is  epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis. The type 2 is responsible for inapparent infection.

The 3 rd type is also the epidermics but to a lesser extent than the type of 1.

These virus have narrow host range and have affinity for nervous tissue. 

Virus Replication

The virion interacts with specific cell receptors on the cell membrane and then it getintered to the cell. then the capsid protin is removed.

The  genomic RNA function as mRNA and is translated .Replicaion of the genome occurs by the synthesis of a complementary negative a strands.Which virion genome and capsid protein occurs. Virions occurs in cell cytoplasm and cause to death of the cell .

Mumps

Mumps virus is a typical Paramyxovirus,which is indisting vishable in appearance from para influenza viruses and measles virus .It has got two virion types  of envelope spikes.One with both haemagglutinin and neuraminidase(HN)activities. And the other fusion (F)protein.The envelop also contains amatrix protein.The virus has a single sesotype.Its a enveloped virus that contains a helical nucleocapsid composed of negative sense,single-stranded RNA and nucleocapsid-associated proteins.

How they Gets Replicate:

When virus get to the new cell surface via its hemagglutinin,the virus penetrates and uncoats and its virion RNA polymerase transcribes the negative strand genome into mRNA. The multiple mRNA are  synthesized ,each of which is translated into Specific viral proteins. Those proteins make  -ve strand RNA from the +ve stand RNA for integration into assembling virion.

The viral component are assembled beneath the cell membrane and  the surface HN and F  proteins are  incorporated into a streth of membrane,converting it to envelop.This evaginates are Bud off.

Source of Infection

It mainly gets spread in winter and Spring.

Minimize the Growth of Diseasa

Minimize the Growth of Diseasa

1. Radation .Gamma irradiation  is the main source  to kill or destroy the micro organism. Radiation is the fast way and effective way of killing in large industry too.This radiation  is generated from gamma producer.

2. Temperature. If refrigeration is just done in

  -4°C ,some food is not stayed fresh  because of psychrophiles will grow .

3. Freezing about -20 °C may store the food for about several months.In this temperature MicroOrganism grows but in slowly.But food lost its tast.

4. Deep Freezing in about -80 °C .The process of freezing do not kill but metabolic stopes in 

-80 °C .So Most of the useful micro organism are stores on this temperature.

5. Oxygen is main factor of increasement of microorganism. Inder to minimize the growth of dieases environment should be anaerobic.

6. And the last point is that dieases should not get the proper host inorder to minimize the growth of the dieases.

Measles Virus

Measles are the genus of Morbillivirus and the family of paramyxoviridae.This virus is morphologically indistinguishable from praainfluenza and mumps virus.

Its structures

1.Envelop spikes having Haemagglutinin but not a neuraminidase function.

2. Fusion (F)protein ,M. Below the envelop lipid bilayer.

There is only one serotype of measles and no subtypes have yet been recognized. Neutralizing antibody isdirected against the hemagglutinin.The internal nucleocapsid protein is the (Soluble)antigen detected in the component fixation test which is used for diagnosis.

Replication

The process of replication is same to the Replication of Mumps .

  Check mumps Blog.

Symptom

1.Apperance of rash, Swelling of eyelids.,High Fevers upto 105  F.

This incubated usually upto 10-21 days.

A day or 2 days before  the rash ,the patient develop red based with blue white centers in the mouth.

Then finally to face so it gets spots.Due to this diseases 10% patient dies.measles in pregnant women result to fatal death in 20%.

Influenza

Influenza bleong to the family Orthomyxoviruses.There are A,B and C Influenza.

A infects Human ,Mammals and birds.But B & C types are isolated only to Humans. C types are not epidemics. They mainly infect Human,Pigs,Horses as well as birds.It is spherical inj shape of 80-120nm in diameter but sometime may be the length of several micrometers. It has got helical nucleocapsid comprising

8 segmernts. There are two types of spike projected from the envelope.Hemagglutinin(H) and Neuraminidase(N).Hemagglutinin(H) can attach to host sialic acid recepturs.The Sialic acid receptors are present on the surface of erythrocytes, So virus with HA glycoprotein cause hema-agglutination .When mixed with red blood cells.(mainly atack Respiratory track). Host cell sialic acid receptor also exist on upper respiration track cell membranes and HA binding to these receptors activates fusion of the host cell membrane with Virion Membrane,resulting in viral genome entry into cells.Neuramic acid is an important component of mucin,those

substance covering mucosal epithelial  cells are forming an integral part of the hosts upper respiration Defense barrier.

symptoms:

1.  High fever

2.  Muscleaches

3.   Extreme drowsiness

Treatmant and control

1.Drugs:Amantadine prevents the uncoating of influenza A.This medicine prevent from infection if given daily before exposure or it decrease the severity of the Illness so is given in early course.

2.Vaccine: A vaccine consists of formalin which are available.Due to this reason High Risk group are free from Chromic Pulmonaryor cendiac Diseases.